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PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) is a common hormonal disorder that affects women during their reproductive years. It is estimated that up to 10% of women of childbearing age have PCOS. The exact cause is unknown, but it likely involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
The main signs and symptoms of PCOS include:
- Irregular menstrual cycles - This includes infrequent, irregular or prolonged menstrual periods, or abnormal uterine bleeding. Menstrual abnormalities are one of the most common symptoms of PCOS.
- Excess androgen levels - Elevated levels of androgens (male hormones) may result in physical signs like excess facial and body hair growth, adult acne and male-pattern baldness.
- Polycystic ovaries - The ovaries develop numerous small collections of fluid called follicles that surround the eggs, giving the ovaries a polycystic appearance on an ultrasound exam.
PCOS is associated with several health complications, such as:
- Infertility - Due to lack of ovulation, it may be more difficult for a woman with PCOS to get pregnant. PCOS is one of the leading causes of female infertility.
- Metabolic syndrome - This refers to a cluster of conditions like increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist etc. that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke and diabetes. Up to 80% of women with PCOS have metabolic syndrome.
- Endometrial cancer - Women with PCOS are at higher risk of abnormal uterine lining overgrowth that may lead to endometrial hyperplasia or endometrial cancer.
Diagnosis of PCOS requires two of the following three criteria:
- Irregular menstrual cycles
- Excess androgen levels
- Polycystic ovaries on an ultrasound exam
There is no cure yet for PCOS. But lifestyle changes and medications can help manage symptoms:
- Weight loss through diet and exercise helps reduce androgen and insulin levels. Even a 5-10% loss of body weight can help restore regular menstrual cycles.
- Birth control pills can help regulate menstrual periods, reduce androgens and lower the risk of endometrial cancer.
- Fertility medications may be used to induce ovulation, especially when trying to conceive.
In summary, PCOS is a common hormone disorder affecting many women of reproductive age. Getting an early diagnosis and making appropriate lifestyle changes is key to managing PCOS symptoms and reducing long-term health risks. Consult your doctor if you suspect you may have PCOS.